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THITHANKARAS
There are twenty-four Tirthankaras during every half time cycle. These
Tirthankaras reinstate the Jain Sangh (four-fold Jain Order) consisting
of Sädhus (monks), Sädhvis (nuns), Shrävaks (male householders), and
Shrävikäs (female householders). The first Tirthankar (Arihanta) of
this time period was Lord Rushabhdev, and the twenty-fourth and last
Tirthankar was Lord Mahävira, who was lived from 599B.C. to 527B.C.
Tirthankaras are also called Jinä (conqueror of inner passions) from
which the term Jain, follower of a Jinä, is derived. At the time of
Arihanta's nirvän (death), the remaining four non-defiling (aghati)
karmas such as Nam (Physique determining) Karma, Gotra (Status
determining) Karma, Vedniya (Feeling producing) Karma and Ayushya (Age
span determining) Karma, are destroyed. Ordinary Arihants are those
souls who attain salvation, but do not possess Tirthankar Nama Karma and
hence, do not establish the Jain Order. After attaining salvation they
are called Siddhas. Since Siddhas have attained ultimate liberation, we
do not have access to them. However, Arihantas offer us spiritual
guidance during their lifetime. In order to show our special reverence
for their teachings, we bow to them first, hence the first verse of the
Navkar Mantra. Currently, as per scriptures except at Mahavideh kshetra,
there are no Arihantas. The last Arihant was Jambuswami. According to
the Agams (Jain scriptures) there will be no more Arihantas during the
remaining period of the current half-timecycle.
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Namo
Arihantanam : I bow down to Arihanta,
ARIHANTAS
The term Arihanta is made up of Ari, meaning enemies, and hant, meaning
destroyer. Consequently, Arihanta means destroyer of enemies. In this
case the term enemies refers to passions such as anger, greed, ego, and
deceit which are internal enemies, because they defile the true nature
of the soul. A soul can only reach the state of Arihanta by overcoming
all its inner enemies. Once a soul has shed all of its four defiling (ghati)
karmas namely Jnanavarniya (Knowledge obscuring) Karma, Darshanavarniya
(Perception obscuring) karma, Mohniya (Deluding) Karma and Antaraya
(Obstructive) Karma, it becomes an Arihanta and attains perfect
knowledge (Kevaljnana), perfect perception (Kevaldarshana), and infinite
power (Ananta Virya) and it becomes a passionless(vitragi).
Arihantas are divided into two categories: Tirthankar and Ordinary.
Arihantas who have attained Tirthankar Näm Karma become Tirthankaras
while the rest of them become Ordinary Arihants. |
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Namo
Siddhanam :
I
bow down to Siddha,
SIDDHAS
Siddhas are liberated souls. They have reached the highest state,
salvation, and have attained Moksha. They have eradicated all their
karmas, and therefore do not accumulate any more new karmas, thus
freeing themselves forever from the cycle of birth and death (Akshaya
Sthiti). This state of freedom is called Moksha. They are experiencing
ultimate, unobstructed bliss (Aksha Sukh) and are not subjected to any
kind of suffering. They possess perfect and total knowledge (Anatjnan,
Kevaljnana, omniscience) and perception (Anat Darshan, Kevaldarshana,
omniperception), that means they know and perceive everything in total
that is happening now, that has happened in the past, and that which
will happen in the future all at the same time and they also possess
infinite vigor (Anant-Virya). They have no desires and are completely
detached thus making them immune from any sense of craving or aversion (Anant
Charitra, Vitragatva). Despite the fact that all Siddhas retain a unique
identity, they are equal (Aguru-laghutva) andformless(Arupitva).
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Namo
Ayriyanam
:
I
bow down to Acharya,
ACHARYAS
The
message of Jina, Lord Mahävira the last Tirthankara, is carried by the
Acharya, our spiritual leaders. The responsibility of the spiritual
welfare of the entire Jain Sangh rests on the shoulders of the Acharyas.
Before reaching this state, one has to do an in-depth study and have a
thorough mastery of the Jain Agams. In addition to acquiring a high
level of spiritual excellence, they also have the ability to lead the
monastic communion. They should also know the various languages of the
country and have acquired a sound knowledge of other philosophies,
ideologies, and religions of the region and theworld.
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Namo
Uvajjhayanam : I
bow down to Upadhyaya,
UPADHYAYA
This
title is given to those Sädhus who have acquired a special knowledge of
the Agams (Jain scriptures) and philosophical systems. They teach Jain
scriptures to deserving aspirants, including sädhus andsädhvis. |
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Namo
Loe Savva-Sahunam : I
bow down to Sadhu and Sadhvi,
SADHU
AND SADHVI
A male person who renounces the worldly life is called
a monk or sädhu, and a female is called a nun or sadhvi. When
householders become detached from the worldly aspects of life and aspire
for spiritual uplift, they renounce their worldly lives and become Sädhus
or Sädhvis, by accepting Deekshä. Before such initiation, they must
stay with Sädhus or Sädhvis for a period of time to understand
religious studies and to observe the code of conduct for renounced life.
When they feel confident, they request an Ächärya to initiate them
into the renounced order. If the Ächärya feels that they have the
desire and capability to face the rigors of renounced life, then he
gives them Deekshä. At the time of Deekshä, the newly initiated sadhu
or sadhvi adopts five major vows:
1) Observance of Ahimsa (non-violence)-not to commit any type of
violence (Savvao Panaivayao Virman Vrat)
2) Observance of Satya (truth)-not to indulge in any type of lie or
falsehood (Savvao Musavayao Virman Vrat)
3) Observance of Asteya (non-stealing)-not to take anything unless it is
given by the owner (Savvao Aadinnadanao Virman Vrat)
4) Observance of Brahamcharya (celibacy)-not to indulge in any sensual
pleasure (Savvao Mehunao Virman Vrat)
5) Observance of Aparigraha (non-possessiveness)-not to acquire more
than what is needed to maintain day to day life (Savvao Pariggrahao
Virman Vrat)
Some of the special things they observe are they do not accept the food
cooked for them. They do not eat before sunrise or after sunset. They
drink only boiled water. They walk bare feet. They do not stay in one
place for a longer time. They do not touch any person of opposite sex.
They do not get involved in social affairs there by meaning they are not
a social workers. Some monks wear no clothes while others wear white
clothes. All nuns wear white clothes. They offer spiritual guidance to
us. Their goal to become a monk or nun is to be liberated from this
worldly life and that is why their activities are directed towards
uplift of their souls to Paramätman (the state of liberation).
Self-discipline and purity is the main part of their daily lives. That
is why Jain monks and nuns are unique. |