According to the Jain measurement of cosmic time one cycle of time has two divisions.  These two divisions, ascending time-cycle and descending time-cycle, have six divisions each which are called Ara (spoke).  During the ascending time-cycle there is a gradual improvement in physical and mental conditions, including physical strength, health, happiness and simplicity, of beings as well as climatic and life supporting conditions.  During the descending time-cycle there is a gradual deterioration in these conditions.

During the first three Aras of the current descending cycle man was completely dependent on nature for all his needs.  The wish-fulfilling trees provided all that he needed.  Man was simple, peaceful and contended in attitude.  The environment was absolutely unpolluted.  Water was tasteful, cold and sweet.  Even the sand was sweet as sugar.  The air was healthy and exhilarating.  The grains and fruits were nutritious and filling.  A simple meal of little quantity of fruit and water lasted for days.  Filled stomach and satisfied desires acted as antidote to irritation and reduced disputes and other sinful activities.  The whole animal kingdom lived in harmony with the nature.

  With the passage of time gradual changes occurred and around the end of the third Ara the yield from the Kalpa-vrikshas reduced.  The alround deterioration in conditions spelled the beginning of quarrels and disputes.  To guard against these disputes and to live in peace and harmony, man formed groups and the Kulkar system was evolved.  A number of people collected to form a 'Kula' (family) and the head of the group were called 'Kulkar'.  It was the duty of the 'Kulkar' to remove discord and establish order.

Nabhiraja was the seventh and the last in the line of Kulkars.  His wife was Marudeva.  This epoch of Kulkar system was known as the epoch of twins (Yugalia).  A human couple used to give birth to a twin-one male and one female.  This twin would become husband and wife on reaching adulthood.  The twins used to lead a happy and contended life and died a natural death together.

To consume what was available was the way of life.  As such this period was also known as Bhog-Bhumi-Kaal or the ear of free consumption.  Upto the time of Kulkar Nabhiraja man lived in this land of abundance.

It was during the last part of the third Ara of the current descending cycle of time that the great and pious soul that was to become Rishabhdev descended into the womb of Marudeva on the fourth day of the dark half of the month of Ashadh during the night.

In the ancient Jain scriptures it is mentioned that during many previous births, the soul that was to be Rishabhdev had done prolonged spiritual practices.  As a result of high degree of purity of thoughts and attitude as well as penance, meditation, charity and benevolent deeds it had earned highly pious Karmas.

In his incarnation as Dhanna, the caravan leader, he had offered alms and services to ascetics and others.  As doctor Jivanand he had taken ample care of world and became ascetics.  As king Vajranath he had supported poor and desolate masses.  After many years of public service Vajranabh renounced the world and became an ascetic.  As a result of unprecedented spiritual practices, including religious studies, penance, tolerance, and meditation, he earned Tirthankar-nam-and-gotra-karma.  These pious deeds of earlier births resulted in his taking birth as Rishabhdev.  

When this pious soul was conceived, mother Marudeva dreamt of fourteen auspicious things as follows: 

1. A beautiful and large white bull was entering her mouth. 

2. A giant elephant having four tusks,

3. A lion

4. Goddess Laxmi seated on a lotus,

5. A garland of flowers,

6. The full moon resplendent in the sky,

7. The scintillating sun,

8. A fluttering flag,

9. A golden urn,

10. A pond full of lutes flowers,

11. A sea of milk,

12. A space vehicle of gods,

13. A heap of gems,

14. Smokeless fire.  (R-1/a)

Nabhiraja was an experienced and scholarly person.  When he heard about these dreams from Marudeva, he said, "Devi!  You will give birth to a highly endowed soul who will show the path of peace and happiness to this world".

On the eighth day of the dark half of the month of Charitra, around midnight, healthy Marudeva gave birth to twins.  This pious birth influenced the surroundings.  The sky became filled with a soothing glow, the wind became fragrant and the whole atmosphere became impregnated with unprecedented joy that was hard to describe.

From all around came the fifty-six goddesses of directions.  They circumambulated the Tirthankar's mother and bowed before her.  They also sang in praise of the child that was to become Tirthankar and then proceeded to perform post-birth cleaning rituals.

 At that instant the king of gods of the Saudharm dimension, Saudharmendra Shakra, also came to know that the first Tirthankar has taken birth.  He arrived with his large ratinue of gods and bowed before the mother,

 "O great mother!  I, Saudharmendra Shakra, bow before you and offer my salutations".

 After the salutations the mother was put to sleep.  Saudharmendra created five look alike bodies of himself.  With one body he carefully lifted the baby in his hands.  With the second body he took an umbrella in his hands and stationed the body behind the baby.  With the third and fourth bodies he took whisks and stationed these bodies on both sides of the baby.  With the fifth body he lifted his divine weapon, vajra, and stationed himself ahead of the baby as a bodyguard.  In this formation the king of gods airlifted the baby to Meru Mountain.  There, all gods, including their 64 kings with their consorts, ceremoniously performed the post-birth anointing rituals.  This ceremony, popularly known as Janma-kalyanak, of a Tirthankar, is unparalleled in this world. 

Next morning Nabhiraja organized the birth celebrations.  He invited his friends and relatives to a feast and announced, "As there is a sign of a bull on the thigh of the new born, and Marudeva first of all saw a bull in her great dreams, we name this child as "Rishabh Kumar".  His twin will be known as "Sumangala".

Next morning Nabhiraja organized the birth celebrations.  He invited his friends and relatives to a feast and announced, "As there is a sign of a bull on the thigh of the new born, and Marudeva first of all saw a bull in her great dreams, we name this child as "Rishabh Kumar".  His twin will be known as "Sumangala".

Rishabh Kumar was married to a girl named Sunanda whose twin died in an accident.  This was the beginning of the marriage system.  He was also married to his twin Sumangala in a ceremony that was arranged by gods.

Prince Rishabh led a happy married life.  In due course Sumangala gave birth to Bharat, Brahmi and ninety-eight other sons.  Sunanda gave birth to Bahubali and Sundari.

Prince Rishabh was a highly endowed, farsighted and industrious individual.  He had a profound insight into the human psychology.  Looking at the needs of the times and society he evolved numerous arts crafts and trades and taught them to people with right aptitude and physical and mental capacities.  To some he taught farming and to others the trade of agricultural produce.  He invented the alphabets, language, and the numbers alongwith the tools for writing.  For self-defense he evolved martial arts and taught these to individuals with strong physique.  He also established systems of social security and penal codes.  Pottery, architecture, music, dance and many other arts and crafts that enriched the human society in the fields of knowledge, arts, entertainment, administration, etc. are said to be his contributions.

Then one day, on the request of the people's representatives.  Nabhiraja nominated Rishabh to become the first king of this age.  He arranged for an elaborate coronation ceremony and handed over the reigns of the state to Rishabh Kumar.  All members of the family, large numbers of twins, and gods, attended the ceremony.  The gods created a golden throne and anointed Rishabh with the water collected from various pilgrimage centres.  They attired him in divine dress and ornaments and formally put the crown on his head.  The twins humbly poured water on his feet from the cups made of lotus leaves.  Rishabh became the first king of this era.  The king of gods ordered Kuber, the god of wealth, to construct a suitable cit.  This beautiful city was named Vinita; later on it became popularly known as Ayodhya. 

For many years Rishabhdev continued to rule his people and open new frontiers of knowledge.  During the reign of his father the population was organized into random groups only.  Rishabhdev reorganized them according to their virtues, activities and professions.  He established family groups like Ugrakul, Bhogkul, Rajanyakul and Kshatriyakul.  He also framed social groups according to trades and professions, and broadly divided the society into three groups.  Trading community was known as Vaishya, martial community was known as Kshatriya and all other people indulging in a variety of services were known as Shudra.  Till his times the Brahman group was not formed.

After a long span of time (6.3 million Purva) he started loosing interest in mundane things and activities, and drifting toward detachment.  He felt that he should transfer all his responsibilities to his sons and proceeds towards liberation through spiritual practices.  He also desired to reach the state of omniscience and consequently show the path of disciplined life and spiritual practices.  His concept was that indulgence in mundane things does not give happiness.  It gives only an illusion of happiness.  True happiness is derived out of freedom from mundane indulgences.

Following the stream of his thoughts Rishabhdev divided the area of his rule between his one hundred sons.  Bharat was given the state of Ayodhya and Bahubali that of Takshashila.  Getting free of the responsibilities of the state, Rishabhdev decided to take Diksha (the formal initiation into the ascetic way).  At that time the gods from the edge of the universe (the Lokantikdev) arrived and requested, "O savior of the human race!  Your desire to show the path of renunciation to the mankind is admirable, kindly proceed soon to the task of propagating Dharma".  

After one year of meritorious charity, Rishabhdev sat in the palanquin named Sudarshan and arrived in the Siddharth-vana garden.  It was the eighth day of the dark half of the month of Charitra when, under an Ashok tree, Rishabhdev abandoned all his apparels and ornaments.  He started pulling out his long strands of hair.  After four fistfuls, when he was pulling out the fifth fistful of hair Indra said, "Sire!  This strand of hair on the crown of your head and hanging down over your shoulders looks attractive.  Kindly leave it as it is".  Rishabhdev agreed.  Due to this bunch of hair he got the popular name-Keshariya ji (one with hair).  The king of gods collected the hair pulled out by Rishabhdev in a divine cloth and immersed them in the divine ocean of milk.

Following the example of Rishabhdev many of his subordinate rulers as well as common people get inspired to embrace the ascetic way of life.  It is mentioned in scriptures that with Rishabhdev four thousand others also took Diksha.

After becoming an ascetic, Rishabhdev took the vow of total silence and started wandering accompanied by other ascetics.  When, after his penances, he went out to beg for food, he did not get anything to eat.  The common people of that age were ignorant about the practice of giving food as alms.  They did not even appreciate the need to do so.  Whenever Rishabhdev approached them, they offered him respect and valuable gifts as they would to a king.  Rishabhdev would then proceed ahead without accepting anything.  As time passed the accompanying ascetics conferred among themselves and decided to eat fruits and vegetables naturally available.  They slowly drifted away from Rishabhdev and the true ascetic way of life.  After one entire year of wandering from place to place and doing harsh spiritual practices without touching any food or water Rishabhdev decided to beg food once again.  He came to Hastinapur town.

Bahubali's son, Somprabh, was the king of Hastinapur.  His son Shreyans Kumar saw a dream during the night that Suvarnagiri, the golden mountain, had turned black and he had brought back its golden hue by washing it with pitchers filled with milk.  He narrated his dream to his father and friends, but no one could interpret its significance.

Shreyans Kumar was sitting in the balcony of his palace and brooding over the dream he saw last night.  All of a sudden he heard the noise caused by happy masses that had seen Rishabhdev entering the town.  Thousands of citizens of Hastinapur rushed toward Rishabhdev with gifts.  Rishabhdev did not even look at these things and continues his graceful walk in the direction of the palace.

When Shreyans saw approaching Rishabhdev, he rushed to welcome his great grandfather.  After bowing at the great ascetics feet when Shreyans looked at Rishabhdev's face he could not shift his gaze.  He went into a state of meditative thoughts and suddenly he acquired Jati-smaran Jnan, the knowledge that opens up memories of the past births.  In his past birth Shreyans was the charioter of king Vajranath (the past incarnation of Rishabhdev).  This knowledge also made him aware of the duties of laity toward Shramans.  He realized that Bhagavan Rishabhdev had been wandering around without food or water due to prevailing ignorance of the people regarding ascetic norms.

With due reverence he requested Rishabhdev, "Prabhu!  I am honored by your presence.  I have just received 108 pitchers full of fresh sugar-cane juice that are pure and suitable for you in all respects.  Kindly accept the juice and break your fast".  Rishabhdev extended his cupped palms and Shreyans poured the sugar cane juice from a pitcher.  Rishabhdev broke his fast and the skies reverberated with the sound of divine drums and divine applauds, "Hail the alms giving!"  The gods also showered gems, flowers and perfumes.

This was the beginning of the tradition of religious charity and alms giving.  In memory of this incident, the third day of the bright half of the month of Vaishakh is celebrated as Akshay Tritiya festival.  The Jains specifically celebrate it as the breakfast day after the penance of Varshi Tap (one meal and fast on alternate days for one year). 

For one thousand years Bhagavan Rishabhdev continued his harsh spiritual practices completely ignoring his body and other mundane activities.  On the eleventh day of the dark half of the month of Phalgun he was meditating under a banyan tree in the Shakatmukh garden outside Purimtal town, close to Ayodhya.  Around forenoon he transcended to the purest higher state of meditation.  The intensity of his practice caused the shedding of the knowledge and perception obscuring Karmas as well as the illusory Karmas.  As a result, he attained omniscience, the purest and enlightened state of soul.  Rishabhdev became a Jina.

When Rishabhdev attained omniscience the whole world was filled with a soothing glow for a moment.  Numerous gods descended from heavens to pay their respects to the Tirthankar.  They also created the Samavasarana, the divine pavilion.  King Bharat also proceeded toward the divine assembly riding an elephant and taking along his grandmother Marudeva.  Apprehensive about the hardships of the ascetic life of her son, Marudeva was relieved when she beheld the scintillating face of Rishabhdev sitting in the divine assembly surrounded by happy and dazzling gods.  The vision of her son perched on the spiritual pinnacle triggered the flow of spontaneous joy in the heart of Marudeva.  This mundane joy slowly turned into the ultimate bliss and she acquired omniscience.  Coincidentally, at the same moment she completed her age and became a liberated soul (Siddha).  Bhagavan Rishabhdev made the announcement that Marudeva had become a Siddha.

In his first discourse Rishabhdev detailed the trilogy of right perception, right knowledge, and right conduct.  Knowing about the significance of life as a human being and importance of a dutiful life, thousands of people including Rishabhsen, the eldest son of Emperor Bharat, and five hundred other members of the royal family embraced the acetic way of life.  Thousands of other persons accepted the Shravak Dharm (the religious way for laity).  As he founded the four-pronged religious ford at the beginning of the present era, Bhagavan Rishabhdev became popularly known as Adinath, the first Tirthankar.

The first disciple of Bhagavan Rishabhdev was Rishabhsen.  He became the first chief disciple.  He was also known as Pundarik.

For a long time Bhagavan Rishabhdev continued to propagate his religion having the five great vows as its central theme.  When he realized that all his remaining Karmas are approaching their end he proceeded to the Ashtapad Mountain.  On the thirteenth day of the dark half of the month of Magh, a little before noon time, Rishabhdev, alongwith ten thousand other ascetics, was observing a six-day fast without water.  He was sitting in meditation in the Paryanka pose.  When the moon entered the Abhijit lunar mansion he got nirvana and got liberated from all sorrows.

The king of gods, Saudharmendra, Emperor Bharat, numerous gods and men gathered and celebrated the auspicious event of Bhagavan Rishabhdev's gathered and celebrated the auspicious event of Bhagavan Rishabhdev's Nirvana.